Giao Vien 4
BY (Preposition)
1. Indicating how someone travels:
* by + mode of transport: by car/train/bus/air/plane etc: bằng...
Sophie's parents arrived by taxi.
The cost of travelling by bus is cheap.
I travelled to their village by rail.
We went by train to Pisa.
It's easier to get there by car.
Did you travel by plane?
Note: if there is a determiner (e.g. a/an, the, some, my, his) before the noun, we say in or on.
* on/in + determiner + mode of transport:
I'll have to go on the 5 am train.
Barbara is travelling in Ann's car.
Have you ever travelled in a small plane?
2. Indicating how someone does something:
a. by post/phone/fax etc: bằng...
They exchanged New Year's greetings by email.
I'll send it by email; I can send it by post as well if you wish.
Can I pay by credit card?
We send a postcard or a letter by post.
We contact someone by phone or by email.
We pay for something by credit card or by cash.
b. by doing something: bằng cách ...
She passed her test by studying hard.
I got into the house by using my key.
By using the Internet you can do your shopping from home.
I'm going to start off by explaining the purpose of our campaign.
By pressing this button, you turn on the alarm system. Then by entering the code 0089, you can turn it off again.
3. Indicating how something is done (passive): bằng..., do...
The palace balcony is shielded by bulletproof glass.
Every bit of lace is made by hand (=not using a machine).
The building was destroyed by fire.
The house had been severely damaged by fire.
Many car accidents are caused by alcohol.
4. Indicating how something happens:
Anderson, by contrast, rejects this view. (ngược lại)
We ate by candlelight. (dưới/trong ánh sáng đèn nến)
They have to provide a contract by law. (theo/đúng luật)
Cynthia was very nervous. Martha was quite calm by comparison. (so sánh với)
5. Indicating something happens without being planned or intended:
by mistake/accident/chance: tình cờ, vô tình...
Take care that you don't shoot one of us by mistake.
We met quite by chance.
I heard by chance that she has married again.
Quite by accident, she came up with a brilliantly simple solution.
Occasionally we would meet by accident in the corridor.
6. Indicating the meanings of "before, until, during the day/night":
a. "before": not later than a particular time or date: không trễ hơn một thời điểm đã được ấn định
The meeting should have finished by 4.30.
The boy must be in bed by 9 o'clock.
Give me your homework by Friday.
But "by + (the) + date":
Application forms must be received by (the) 31st March.
b. "until": during the period until a particular time or date: cho đến một thời điểm đã được ấn định
By mid afternoon over 5,000 people had visited the exhibition.
But "by the time (that)" = Vào khoảng thời gian ...
By the time (that) Michelle was 15, she had already achieved worldwide fame.
c. "by + day" and "by + night" = 'during the day/night': suốt ngày, suốt đêm
He works by night and sleeps by day.
This animal always hunts by night.
7. Indicating someone's/something's character, job, origin, name etc: tính cách/công việc/nguồn gốc/tên... của người/vật... nào đó
by nature/profession/birth/name etc: bản chất, chuyên nghiệp, dòng dõi, bằng tên...
Apes are curious by nature.
Bản chất của đười ươi là tò mò.
She was, by nature, a cheerful and friendly sort of person.
Bản chất của cô ấy là kiểu người thân thiện và vui vẻ.
He was a teacher by profession.
Anh ấy là một giáo viên chuyên nghiệp.
Oscar Wilde was Irish by birth.
Dòng dõi của Oscar Wilde là Do thái.
She's a French national by birth.
Cô ấy dòng dõi người Pháp.
An American by birth, Cassidy had spent much of his life in Bolivia.
Vốn là người dòng dõi Mỹ, Cassidy đã sống ở Bolivia gần hết cuộc đời mình.
I know him by name.
Tôi biết tên anh ấy.
He never mentioned her by name [=he never said her name], but we all knew who he was talking about.
Anh ta chưa bao giờ đề cập đến tên cô ấy, nhưng cả bọn đều biết anh ta nói về người nào.
The victim was able to identify his attacker by name. [=he knew the name of the person who attacked him]
Nạn nhân đã xác định tên người tấn công anh ấy.
We've had people come in to the store and ask for it by name.
Người ta đến cửa hàng chúng ta và hỏi tên mặt hàng đó.
8. Indicating the meaning of 'alone': với nghĩa "một mình":
by + myself/yourself/himself/herself/ourselves/yourselves/themselves
I stayed at home by myself and read the newspaper. (I was alone.)
I was all by myself in the house last night but I didn't mind. (I was alone.)
The cat opened the door by himself. (He did it alone.)
They painted the whole house by themselves! (They did it alone.)
Did you build that castle all by yourself? (Did you do it alone?)
9. Indicating a proper noun: chỉ các danh từ riêng
by + a Proper Noun
I was invited by Sarah.
What's the name of the latest song by U2?
"I Feel Fine" is a song written by John Lennon.
This website makes works by Beethoven available free for downloading.
The abbey was founded by Henry II in 1170.
This was painted by Picasso.
10. Giving the size of an area, object, or space etc by stating its length, width, height etc: chỉ kích cỡ... cụ thể về chiều dài, chiều rộng, chiều cao... của một khu vực, đồ vật hoặc khoảng không gian...
by + a number + (noun)
The house has a spacious dining room, measuring 18 feet by 15. (18 feet in length, 15 feet in width)
We are able to offer our readers a fabulous 70 by 50 cm souvenir poster. (70 cm in length, 50 cm in width)
My bedroom is just three meters by two meters! (3m in length, 2m in width)
He is older than me by 3 years.
The price of fuel has increased by 12% this year.
The raising of VAT by 2.5%.
If you multiply 3 by 3, you get 9. (3 nhân 3)
11. Indicating a gradual process: chỉ một tiến trình xảy ra từ từ, dần dần, từng bước một
a. something happens or changes gradually: xảy ra hoặc thay đổi một cách từ từ/dần dần
The company grew by degrees until it controlled over 20% of the telecommunications market.
little by little/bit by bit: Little by little Philip got used to life on the farm.
day by day/week by week etc: His medical condition is continuing to improve day by day.
Look! The colors are changing minute by minute.
b. things or people do something or are dealt with one after the other: lần lượt từng... một...
one by one/stage by stage: One by one the men came forward to receive their medals.
item by item: The finance committee checks through each document, item by item.