Giao Vien 4
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
The present participle of most verbs has the form base+ing. It is used in many different ways.
Hiện tại phân từ của hầu hết các động từ có dạng "V-ing". Được dùng theo nhiều cách khác nhau.
1. THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE AS PART OF THE CONTINUOUS FORM OF A VERB:
Hiện tại phân từ kết hợp với "be" và các trợ động từ khác để thành lập thì tiếp diễn:
I am working.
He was singing.
They have been walking.
We will be staying.
She would have been expecting me.
2. THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE AFTER VERBS OF MOVEMENT & POSITION:
Hiện tại phân từ sau các động từ chỉ vị trí và sự di chuyển:
She went shopping.
I go running every morning.
He lay looking up at the clouds.
She came running towards me.
3. THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE AFTER VERBS OF PERCEPTION:
Hiện tại phân từ sau các động từ chỉ sự nhận thức: feel, hear, listen to, look, see, notice, observe, watch, smell...
The pattern for this usage is verb + object + present participle. There is a difference in meaning when such a sentence contains a zero infinitive rather than a participle. The infinitive refers to a complete action while the present participle refers to an ongoing action.
Cấu trúc "verb + object + present participle" dùng để chỉ một hành động đang tiếp diễn.
I felt him pulling against me.
I felt the ground shaking for about half a minute. (I felt that the ground was shaking.)
I heard someone singing.
I had to listen to him talking about it for 14 hours.
I'll do anything but I can't look her crying over it!
He saw his friend walking along the road.
Did you notice him leaving the party early?
Officers observed him driving at 90 miles per hour.
I observed him putting the watch into his pocket.
I watched the birds flying away.
Ruth could not bear to watch her parents arguing.
I can smell something burning!
Khác với "verb + object + do sth" dùng để chỉ một hành động hoàn tất.
I suddenly felt something brush against my arm.
I felt the ground shake once. (I felt it as the ground shook once.)
He heard the door slam shut.
I watched him go, then went home.
4. THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE AS AN ADJECTIVE:
Hiện tại phân từ mang chức năng tính từ:
It was an amazing film.
Dark billowing clouds often precede a storm.
He was trapped inside the burning house.
Many of his paintings show the setting sun.
5. THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE WITH THE VERBS SPEND & WASTE:
Hiện tại phân từ với động từ "SPEND" và "WASTE":
Cấu trúc: verb + time/money expression + present participle.
My boss spends two hours a day travelling to work.
I'll need to spend an hour rehearsing with the cast.
Don't waste time playing computer games!
They've spent the whole day shopping.
I wasted money buying this game.
6. THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE WITH THE VERBS CATCH & FIND:
Hiện tại phân từ với động từ "CATCH" và "FIND":
Cấu trúc: verb + object + present participle.
With catch, the participle always refers to an action which causes annoyance or anger. This is not the case with find, which is unemotional.
Với "CATCH", hiện tại phân từ đề cập đến một hành động gây ra sự bực tức, giận dữ.
Với "FIND" có nghĩa là "thấy/tìm thấy", không nói đến "cảm xúc".
If I catch you stealing my apples again, there'll be trouble!
Don't let him catch you reading his letters.
I caught him going through my bag.
We found some money lying on the ground.
They found their mother sitting in the garden.
7. THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE FOR TWO ACTIONS AT THE SAME TIME:
When two actions occur at the same time, and are done by the same person or thing, we can use a present participle to describe one of them. When one action follows very quickly after another done by the same person or thing, we can express the first action with a present participle.
Hiện tại phân từ được dùng để chỉ hành động thứ nhất, đối với hai (hay ba) hành động xảy ra cùng thời điểm (lần lượt kế tiếp nhau) do cùng một chủ thể thực hiện:
Whistling to himself, he walked down the road. = He whistled to himself as he walked down the road.
They went laughing out into the snow. = They laughed as they went out into the snow.
Dropping the gun, she put her hands in the air. = She dropped the gun and put her hands in the air.
Putting on his coat, he left the house. = He put on his coat and left the house.
8. THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE TO EXPLAIN A REASON:
Hiện tại phân từ giải thích một nguyên do:
The present participle can be used instead of a phrase starting with as, since, or because. In this usage the participial phrase explains the cause or reason for an action.
Cụm hiện tại phân từ được dùng để giải thích nguyên do của một hành động thay cho một cụm bắt đầu bằng "As, since, because".
Feeling hungry, he went into the kitchen and opened the fridge.
Being poor, he didn't spend much on clothes.
Knowing that his mother was coming, he cleaned the flat.
He whispered, thinking his brother was still asleep.