Giao Vien 4
Reducing Adverbial Clauses of Time "WHILE/WHEN" or Subordinate (or Dependent) Clauses "WHILE/WHEN"
A. SAME TIME (cùng thời điểm):
1. Các mệnh đề thời gian bắt đầu bằng "while" và "when" có thể được rút gọn bằng cách lược bỏ chủ từ và động từ "be", với điều kiện là hai mệnh đề phải có cùng một chủ từ.
While I was eating dinner, I watched television.
=> While eating dinner, I watched television.
While I was vacationing in Hawaii, I met an old friend.
=> While vacationing in Hawaii, I met an old friend.
When you are in Rome, (you) do as the Romans do.
=> When in Rome, (you) do as the Romans do.
2. Nếu không có động từ "be", ta thay động từ chính của mệnh đề phụ thuộc "when/while" thành dạng "-ing". Đôi khi liên từ phụ thuộc "when/while" cũng có thể được lược bỏ:
While he drove home from work, John fell asleep.
=> John fell asleep while driving home from work.
=> John fell asleep driving home from work.
When I opened the door, I saw a strange sight.
=> When opening the door, I saw a strange sight.
=> Opening the door, I saw a strange sight.
3. Lưu ý:
* Nếu hai chủ từ khác nhau, ta không thể rút gọn mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ thời gian:
While I was taking a shower, my sister called from California.
While taking a shower, my sister called from California. (wrong)
* Cẩn thận khi rút gọn các mệnh đề thời gian xuất hiện ở cuối câu:
We saw many beautiful birds while we were fishing in the lake.
=> We saw many beautiful birds while fishing in the lake.
=> We saw many beautiful birds fishing in the lake.
=> Ở câu cuối, nghĩa của câu mơ hồ => Are we fishing or are the birds fishing?
(Chúng tôi đang câu/bắt cá hay những con chim đang bắt cá?)
B. DIFFERENT TIMES (những thời điểm khác nhau):
He feeds the cats before he goes to work.
=> He feeds the cats before going to work.
After I finished my homework, I went to bed.
=> After finishing my homework, I went to bed.
Before he left the dance, Jerry said good-bye to his girlfriend.
=> Before leaving the dance, Jerry said good-bye to his girlfriend.
After I had finished my homework, I went to bed.
=> After having finished my homework, I went to bed.
=> Having finished my homework, I went to bed.
C. OTHER CLAUSES (các mệnh đề khác):
Đôi khi các mệnh đề có liên từ phụ thuộc "because" cũng có thể được rút gọn:
Because I was feeling a bit tired, I didn't go to work.
=> Feeling a bit tired, I didn't go to work.
Because he was a doctor, George knew how to handle the situation.
=> Being a doctor, George knew how to handle the situation.
=> As a doctor, George knew how to handle the situation.
Because he had worked hard, he passed the test.
=> Having worked hard, he passed the test.