Giao Vien 4
Relative Clause Reduction Rules
1. In defining clauses, we can omit the relative pronoun in the position of object.
Trong các mệnh đề xác định, chúng ta có thể lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ ở vị trí túc từ/tân ngữ.
The boy who / whom / that you don't like much wants to talk to you.
=> The boy you don't like much wants to talk to you.
The man fixed the bike which he had in his garage.
=> The man fixed the bike he had in his garage.
He fixed the bike for his friend whom he gave the bike to.
=> He fixed the bike for his friend he gave the bike to.
The friend liked the bike that the man talked about.
=> The friend like the bike the man talked about.
Note: In non-identifying relative clauses you neither omit the relative pronoun in the position of object nor use "that".
Lưu ý: Trong các mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định bạn không thể lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ làm túc từ cũng như không được dùng đại từ quan hệ "that".
My mother, who / whom you met yesterday, wants to talk to you.
My mother, that you met yesterday, wants to talk to you.
=> My mother, you met yesterday, wants to talk to you.
2. We can use "adjective + prepositional phrase" when reducing the sentence:
Chúng ta có thể dùng "tính từ + cụm giới từ" khi rút gọn câu:
I don't know anyone who is better at fixing bikes than him.
=> I don't know anyone better at fixing bikes than him.
Young workers who are low in self-esteem are unusual.
=> Young workers low in self-esteem are unusual.
Note: Do not omit a subject relative pronoun with "be + a singular adjective". Instead, move the adjective before the modified noun.
Lưu ý: Không lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ làm chủ từ với "be + một tính từ đơn". Thay vì vậy, hãy chuyển tính từ đó ra trước danh từ để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đó.
I know a lot of people who are self-confident.
-> "self-confident" is a singular adjective
=> I know a lof of self-confident people.
-> move "self-confident" before the modified noun "people".
Not: I know a lot of people self-confident.
The man who is angry is my father
Not: The man angry is my father.
=> The angry man is my father. (okay)
3. We can use prepositional phrase when reducing the sentence:
Chúng ta có thể dùng "cụm giới từ" khi rút gọn câu:
The cat that was on his keyboard played with the computer monitor.
=> The cat on his keyboard played with the computer monitor.
The man likes bikes which are in good condidion.
=> The man likes bikes in good condition.
The computers that are in our classroom are fast.
=> The computers in our classroom are fast.
4. We can use appositive (a noun phrase) when reducing the sentence:
Chúng ta có thể dùng "đồng vị ngữ" khi rút gọn câu:
Jan Smith, who is an expert in radio communications, will be speaking at noon today.
=> Jan Smith, an expert in radio communications, will be speaking at noon today.
My mother, who is an excellent cook, is thinking of opening a restaurant.
=> My mother, an excellent cook, is thinking of opening a restaurant.
I am moving to Louisville, KY, which is home to the Muhammad Ali Museum.
=> I am moving to Louisville, KY, home to the Muhammad Ali Museum.
5. We can use participles when reducing the sentence.
Chúng ta có thể dùng các hình thức phân từ khi rút gọn câu.
a) Present Participle "V-ing" (Hiện tại phân từ "V-ing"):
The man who wants to talk to you is waiting for you.
=> The man wanting to talk to you is waiting for you.
We stood on the bridge which connects the two halves of the city.
=> We stood on the bridge connecting the two halves of the city.
I like the paintings that hang in the SASB North lobby.
=> I like the paintings hanging in the SASB North lobby.
The man who works at Costco lives in Seattle.
=> The man working at Costco lives in Seattle.
As I walked on the beach, the cold wave that broke on the shore shocked my bare feet.
=> As I walked on the beach, the cold wave breaking on the shore shocked my bare feet.
The young man who was dancing all night lives next door to me.
=> The young man dancing all night lives next door to me.
I know the man who is fixing the bike.
=> I know the man fixing the bike.
b) Past Participle "V3" or "being + V3" (passive)
Quá khứ phân từ "V3" hoặc "being V3" (bị động)
The boy who was attacked by a dog was taken to hospital.
=> The boy attacked by a dog was taken to hospital.
I gave a book which was written by Hemingway to Mary last week.
=> I gave a book written by Hemingway to Mary last week.
He rides a bike that was painted blue.
=> He rides a bike painted blue.
The car which is parked next to mine is very expensive.
=> The car parked next to mine is very expensive.
Hamlet, which was written by Shakespeare sometime in the early 1600s, is among the classics.
=> Hamlet, written by Shakespeare sometime in the early 1600s, is among the classics.
c) Perfect active Participle "having + V3" (active-explaining sth. happened before the others)
Hoàn thành phân từ chủ động "having V3" (Chủ động: giải thích một sự việc/hành động đã xảy ra trước các sự việc/hành động khác)
The girl who has asked the question is very clever.
=> The girl having asked the question is very clever.
Cô gái người mà đã hỏi câu hỏi này rất thông minh.
d) Perfect passive participle "having been + V3" (passive-explaining sth happened before the others)
Hoàn thành phân từ bị động "having been V3" (Bị động: giải thích một sự việc/hành động đã xảy ra trước các sự việc/hành động khác).
The teacher who has been asked the question is very clever.
=> The teacher having been asked the question is very clever
Người thầy mà được hỏi câu hỏi này rất thông minh.
6. When the verb "have" meaning possession, we can omit relative pronoun and "have" and use with (+) or without (-).
Khi động từ "have" mang nghĩa "sở hữu", chúng ta có thể lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ và "have", và dùng "with" (trong câu khẳng định) hoặc "without" (trongcâu phủ định).
Students who have enough math and English skills will be admitted.
=> Students with enough math and English skills will be admitted.
The man likes bikes that have new wheels and tires.
=> The man likes bikes with new wheels and tires.
People who don't have their ID cards cannot get in.
=> People without their ID cards cannot get in.
He puts new tires on bikes that don't have good tires.
=> He puts new tires on bikes without good tires.
7. We can use infinitive "to" in the cases below.
Chúng ta có thể dùng động từ nguyên mẫu có "to" trong các trường hợp sau:
a. The only...to
John is the only person who understands me.
=> John is the only person to understand me.
b. Superlative...to
Tom is the most handsome boy who came to this school.
=> Tom is the most handsome boy to come to this school.
c. The first, last, second, next...to
Jack is the first student who has handed in the exam.
=> Jack is the first person to have handed in the exam.
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